# Research Infrastructure Audit: Query Data Resolution and September 2026 Global Supply Chain Trends

> Explore how the new Cold War accelerates trade bloc formation, from the US-Greenland security pact to emerging transatlantic trade fissures.

Published: 2026-09-19T14:49:40.624Z
Updated: 2026-09-19T14:49:40.624Z
URL: /en/article/won-dollar-1381-2026

# The New Cold War and the Acceleration of Trade Blocs: From the Greenland Security Pact to Transatlantic Trade Fractures

The multilateral trading system and traditional alliance frameworks that underpinned the post-war global economy are facing a structural inflection point. As the boundaries between national security and economics dissolve in this new era of geoeconomics, nation-states are prioritizing exclusive security pacts, bilateral deals, and regionalized supply chain protection over multilateral norms. The international landscape unfolding in September 2026 clearly reflects this trend toward fragmentation and bloc formation. From the sudden resolution of sovereignty and security disputes in the Arctic to the emergence of a new trans-Atlantic economic bloc and cascading trade restrictions on critical raw materials, the global trade and security environment is crossing an unprecedented turning point.

---

## Background

As multilateral free trade and collective security commitments weaken, regions that once served as geopolitical buffer zones are emerging as the front lines of strategic great-power competition. In particular, the Arctic and North Atlantic—where climate change is unlocking new shipping lanes and resource exploration—have become critical geostrategic and economic chokepoints. This dynamic has brought frictions between the United States and its Nordic allies to the surface, accompanied by mounting discords within traditional security alliances over defense burden-sharing and strategic operational control.

Simultaneously, global supply chains are enduring severe disruptions driven by geopolitical fragmentation. While US-China strategic rivalry manifests in advanced technology export controls and self-reliance drives, instability in critical maritime chokepoints like the Middle East is driving exponential spikes in freight rates. Compounding this, major economies are institutionalizing new environmental standards—such as the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and corporate sustainability due diligence directives—raising de facto non-tariff barriers, while tit-for-tat antidumping duties and import curbs proliferate across foundational material industries like steel. The world has entered an era of profound structural realignment, where national security and trade policies are rewritten strictly through the lens of sovereign self-interest.

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## Key Issues

The recent developments across the global trade and geopolitical landscape center on four primary pillars:

### 1. The Arctic Security Agreement and US Strategic Control
The United States, Denmark, and Greenland reached a breakthrough agreement on Greenland’s security, putting an end to extreme diplomatic tensions sparked by former US territorial acquisition rhetoric and annexation threats. According to statements by US President Donald Trump, the pact grants Washington permanent control over security and strategic imperatives across Greenland. Notably, it includes provisions strictly barring adversaries of the United States from establishing military outposts or undertaking sensitive investments without prior written authorization from Washington. While Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen officially welcomed the agreement set to be signed at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), concerns regarding sovereign infringement under the guise of security remain an underlying flashpoint.

### 2. Canada-EU Realignment and Transatlantic Trade Friction
A push toward economic bloc formation transcending traditional multilateral frameworks has surfaced across Europe and North America. Following a formal proposal by European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, Mark Carney delivered an address to the European Parliament accepting Canada's unprecedented status as an "EU Associate Member." In response to Canada—a cornerstone of the North American economy—forging an institutionalized economic alignment with Brussels, President Trump warned that high tariffs would be imposed on European goods if the Canada-EU coalition materializes. The threat of a direct confrontation over trade supremacy within the Transatlantic alliance has become an acute reality.

### 3. US-China Technology Controls and Maritime Logistics Shocks
US-China relations continue to exhibit a dual dynamic of surface-level diplomatic engagement juxtaposed against deep structural rivalry. While Chinese Vice Premier He Lifeng engaged in talks during an official visit to Washington to prepare for a summit and manage risks surrounding trade and technology curbs, systemic rifts remain pronounced. With Beijing launching its "2030 Tech Self-Reliance Drive" under the 15th Five-Year Plan beginning in March 2026, and Washington simultaneously tightening cybersecurity regulations and advanced tech export controls, the battle for technological hegemony has become a permanent baseline. Meanwhile, maritime chokepoint crises in the Strait of Hormuz have triggered a 324% surge in Far East–US shipping freight rates, dealing an immediate blow to real economic indicators.

### 4. Cascading Trade Remedies and Environmental Regulatory Barriers
Protectionist trade defense instruments have become routine across basic materials and steel sectors:
- **Japan:** Imposed provisional antidumping duties of up to 38% on South Korean galvanized steel sheet and expanded investigations into cold-rolled and hot-rolled steel products.
- **South Korea:** Reviewed provisional duties of 25.08% to 27.96% on Chinese specialty steel bars and reset the minimum export price (price undertaking) for Chinese H-beams at $560 per metric ton for Q4.
- **Environmental Regulations:** The EU is moving to slash the CBAM exemption threshold for aluminum from 50 tonnes to 5 tonnes and tightening deforestation due diligence mandates (EUDR), imposing massive compliance and verification costs across global supply chains.

---

## Multifaceted Analysis

### The Blurring of Security and Economics: The Institutionalization of "Transactional Security"
The Greenland security pact exemplifies the transformation of allied security from traditional collective defense frameworks into "transactional security" subordinated to great-power strategic objectives. Conditioned on precluding foreign adversary investments without prior US written consent, the pact operates as an exclusive military and economic veto over critical mineral reserves and geopolitical pivot points. With the economic stakes of Arctic shipping routes and rare earth elements soaring, a new geoeconomic order has emerged where security guarantees directly translate into regulatory authority over trade and foreign direct investment.

### Transatlantic Bloc Formation and the Geoeconomics of Tariff Coercion
Canada’s bid for associate membership in the European Union reflects a hedging strategy aimed at expanding multilateral safety nets in response to unilateral US trade pressures. However, Washington's immediate threat of retaliatory tariffs against European imports demonstrates that the United States views the emergence of counter-blocs as a direct challenge to its trade supremacy. The current structural reality—where regional trade consolidation among traditional allies is met with instant threats of economic retaliation—drastically erodes global supply chain predictability.

### Examining Counterarguments: The Fallacy of the Strategic "Buffer"
Optimists argue that the Greenland agreement and high-level US-China trade dialogues serve as structural buffers, preventing the catastrophic breakdown of the Transatlantic alliance and full US-China economic decoupling. This view posits that whenever geopolitical escalation approaches a breaking point, bilateral negotiations produce pragmatic compromises.

However, this optimism overlooks the fundamental fragility of such arrangements. The Greenland agreement remains an outline of principles whose detailed mechanisms have not been fully disclosed, while the US administration continues to push unilateral cost-sharing demands—such as billing allies for maritime security operations in the Strait of Hormuz. Furthermore, as demonstrated by the tariff threats leveled against Canada-EU integration, ad-hoc minilateralism cannot substitute for an institutionalized, rules-based multilateral trading system. As long as unilateralism dominates foreign economic policy, episodic de-escalation merely defers deeper volatility under an inherently fragile equilibrium.

### Layered Trade Barriers: The Dual Squeeze of Tariffs and Green Norms
Global supply networks face a compound crisis. Intra-East Asian steel antidumping actions illustrate a domino effect where industrial overcapacity and economic slowdowns spill over into localized protectionism. Concurrently, the EU’s move to lower CBAM aluminum thresholds (from 50t to 5t) and enforce corporate due diligence rules functions as de facto non-tariff barriers under the banner of decarbonization. As physical disruptions—evidenced by the 324% freight rate spike from the Hormuz crisis—intersect with regulatory trade hurdles, the marginal costs for export-driven manufacturing economies are escalating rapidly.

---

## Outlook

The global trade and security landscape has irreversibly transitioned past the era of universal multilateral norms into a trajectory of structural fragmentation, characterized by clashing trade blocs and compounding protectionist measures.

First, security governance across the Arctic and North Atlantic will likely consolidate under enhanced US strategic control, institutionalizing an asymmetrical allied framework. The Greenland pact, pending formal signature at the UNGA, establishes a precedent where Washington exercises operational authority over sovereign strategic terrain belonging to an ally—a blueprint that may inspire similar security-for-economic-access transactions in other contested theaters.

Second, the global trading architecture is heading toward head-on bloc confrontation rather than a revitalization of multilateralism. US tariff retaliation against the Canada-EU partnership is poised to escalate into tangible trade warfare. Moreover, as China accelerates industrial autarky through its 15th Five-Year Plan in March 2026, US export restrictions and financial statecraft targeting advanced technologies will become increasingly granular. Despite tactical diplomatic pauses, the US-China race for "2030 Technology Sovereignty" remains an uncompromising, non-negotiable variable.

Third, global enterprises must navigate logistics chokepoints while clearing increasingly sophisticated regulatory hurdles, such as antidumping duties and stringent CBAM requirements. The EU's carbon emissions regulations on primary metals like aluminum and mandatory supply chain due diligence are no longer distant compliance concerns—they represent immediate, balance-sheet-level financial risks.

Ultimately, the international economic order is standardizing economic exclusivity driven by national security mandates. With the revival of a unified multilateral trading regime out of reach, governments and multinational corporations must proactively reconfigure supply chains and establish robust risk-management architectures that account for overlapping trade barriers and geopolitical volatility. The unsparing realities of geoeconomics have taken hold: security has become trade policy, and regulatory norms have become the new trade barriers.

## Claims

- 미국과 덴마크는 트럼프 대통령의 병합 위협 이후 그린란드의 안보에 관한 협정에 도달했다고 발표했다. (Supported)
- 트럼프 대통령은 합의안이 미국의 서면 승인 없이 적대국이 그린란드에 군사 주둔을 하거나 민감한 투자를 하지 못하도록 하는 규정을 포함한다고 밝혔다. (Supported)
- 마크 카니는 캐나다가 EU의 사상 첫 준회원국이 되는 제안을 환영하는 연설을 유럽의회에서 진행했으나 트럼프 대통령은 고율 관세로 위협했다. (Supported)
- 호르무즈 위기 이후 극동발 미국행 운임(Far East-US Freight Rates)이 324% 급등했다. (Supported)
- 사우디 리야드 공항 인근에서 공습 경보 후 연기가 목격되는 등 예멘 후티 반군과의 갈등 심화 속에 항공편 차질이 빚어졌다. (Supported)
- 미국 트럼프 행정부로부터 적도기니 호텔로 추방된 이민자들이 구타당하고 구금되는 등 인권 침해가 발생했다는 보고가 제기되었다. (Supported)
- 2026년 9월 19일 아이치-나고야 아시안게임 경쟁 일정이 공식 개시되었다. (Supported)

## Forecasts

- 85% — 미국-덴마크 그린란드 안보 협정 최종 서명 및 광물 안보 조항 확정 (2026년 9월 말 (유엔 총회 회기 내)). Signal: 덴마크 총리의 차주 유엔 총회 서명 예고 및 핵심 광물·군사 거점 내 미 적대국 배제 조항 명문화
- 75% — 호르무즈 해협 해상 리스크 지속에 따른 아시아-미주 컨테이너 운임 고공행진 (2026년 4분기). Signal: 극동-미국 운임 324% 급등 지속 및 주요 해운사의 전쟁 위험 할증료 확대 적용

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- [World Economic Situation and Prospects 2026 - ReliefWeb](https://reliefweb.int/) — ReliefWeb, 2026-09-19
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